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Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas and the huge CH4 fluxes emitted from paddy fields can prejudice the eco-compatibility of rice cultivation. CH4 production in submerged rice crops is known to be highly influenced by water temperature. Hence, lowering ponding water temperature (LPWT) could be an option to mitigate CH4 emissions from paddy environments when it is possible either to irrigate with slightly colder water or to increase ponding water depth. However, paddy soil is a complex environment in which many processes are simultaneously influenced by temperature, leading to a difficult prediction of LPWT effects. For this reason, LPWT efficiency is here theoretically investigated with a one-dimensional process-based model that simulates the vertical and temporal dynamics of water temperature in soil and the fate of chemical compounds that influence CH4 emissions. The model is validated with literature measured data of CH4 emissions from a paddy field under time-variable temperature regime. Based on modeling results, LPWT appears promising since the simulated reduction of CH4 emissions reaches about −12% and −49% for an LPWT equal to −5 °C during the ripening stage only (last 30 days of growing season, when rice is less sensitive to temperature variations) and −2 °C over the whole growing season, respectively. LPWT affects CH4 emissions either directly (decreasing methanogenic activity), indirectly (decreasing activity of bacteria using alternative electron acceptors), or both. The encouraging results provide the theoretical ground for further laboratory and field studies aimed to investigate the LPWT feasibility in paddy environments. 相似文献
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基于无人机多光谱遥感的冬小麦叶绿素含量反演及监测 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
旨在实现冬小麦各生育期叶绿素含量的准确估测,探究其时空变化规律。利用无人机获取冬小麦越冬期、返青期、拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期的高分辨率多光谱图像,同时采集地面SPAD数据。选取三类光谱参数建立反演模型,优选出各生育期的最佳预测模型,并定量监测试验区冬小麦叶绿素含量时间变化和空间分布。结果表明:原始波段模型和波段倒数对数模型分别为越冬期及其他生育期叶绿素含量预测的最佳模型,拟合精度R2>0.59;时空分布上,灌浆期前试验区冬小麦叶绿素含量呈南北高、中部低特点,灌浆期则呈北高南低的趋势,叶绿素含量从越冬期到拔节期逐步增加,拔节期到孕穗期开始降低,孕穗期到灌浆期则大幅度降低。本研究建立的倒数对数预测模型,精度较高,且适用于返青到灌浆的4个生育期,对于试验区冬小麦叶绿素含量有较好的时空监测效果。 相似文献
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基于温、压、湿、风等主要气象资料,结合生长季逐月的地上生物量实测数据,分析气候变化及气候年型对牧草产量形成的影响,结果表明:(1)两站降水量呈波动变化,无明显的变化趋势;(2)额尔古纳和鄂温克的年均气温呈显著升高的趋势,气温倾向率分别为0.348℃/10 a、0.444℃/10 a,增温速率均明显高于同期中国东北地区,其中,鄂温克的增温速率高于中国增温最迅速的青藏地区;(3)额尔古纳和鄂温克潜在蒸散量呈波动升高的趋势;(4)两站湿润度呈显著的波动下降趋势,气候呈较明显的变干燥趋势;(5)湿润状况影响两站地上生物量形成,气候偏旱年草原地上生物量的形成会受到显著的抑制,两站草地地上生物量均与当月及上个月的湿润度指数呈线性回归关系。 相似文献
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为了掌握广西水稻高温热害的变化规律特征,为水稻生产制定防灾减灾对策提供决策依据,本研究利用广西89个气象观测站1958—2018年观测资料及地理信息数据,采用GIS技术、M-K突变分析和Morlet小波周期分析等方法,探究广西早稻高温热害发生的时间变化规律和空间分布等特征。结果表明:(1)1958—2018年广西早稻高温热害呈增长趋势,20世纪90年代为发生低谷期,21世纪10年代为高发期;(2)高温热害发生次数在2009年发生增多突变,除重度高温热害外,轻、中度高温热害次数变化均有突变发生;(3)高温热害发生频次存在18、32年左右的显著周期变化,预计2018年之后广西早稻高温热害仍处于高发期;(4)高温热害高发区位于左、右江河谷,桂中盆地和西江—浔江—郁江等流域区域,沿海地区发生频次少于内陆。以上研究结论对实现水稻丰产稳产优产具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
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Susanna Price 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2019,60(2):191-204
The realisation that climate change might necessitate resettlement of people displaced initially raised interest in the experience of development‐forced displacement and resettlement (DFDR). Looking back, in 1980 the first international policy on involuntary resettlement was approved to address perceived weaknesses in state property and expropriation law to safeguard people in the way of development projects. Since then international policy and praxis have brought global attention to developmentally displaced people but have not guaranteed them an effective safeguard. Recently, renewed attention has focussed on state legal and governance frameworks substantively and procedurally. Identifying four key policy objectives that resonate with climate change displacement I analyse their treatment in a data base of DFDR laws and regulations from 40 Asia Pacific states. This analysis finds overall little legal congruence. Innovative new formulations in some Asian state laws address recent public criticisms and research findings, but mostly are yet to demonstrate positive outcomes for displaced people. Pacific states increasingly abandon expropriation law to negotiate lease terms for public infrastructure projects with customary landowners that do not extinguish customary title. Any laws governing climate change relocations must protect rights, livelihoods, well‐being, inclusive decision‐making and community initiatives with procedures whilst not relinquishing climate‐change‐reducing action. 相似文献
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James G. Nuttall Eileen M. Perry Audrey J. Delahunty Garry J. O'Leary Kirsten M. Barlow Ashley J. Wallace 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2019,205(2):220-234
Frost can significantly reduce production of field crops grown in Mediterranean‐type environments, where significant economic losses for Australian wheat occur annually. If non‐destructive sensors could make rapid, spatial assessment of frost damage, this could limit economic losses through timely management decisions. This paper reports on a methodology for imposing frost treatments to wheat under field conditions and the utility of canopy reflectance data for detecting early crop damage. Purpose‐built chambers using stepped additions of dry ice allowed for a range of frost scenarios to be tested when applied at wheat heading and anthesis. For frost treatments applied at anthesis, grain number and yield were reduced by 8.8% and 7.2%, respectively, for every degree Celsius below zero (down to ?4°C). This effect was additive over two consecutive nights. For cold load equivalent, there was a 2.2% and 1.9% reduction in grain number and yield, respectively, per °C hr (below 0°C). For wheat, spectral indices PRI and NDVI (reflectance) and FRF_G and SFR_G (fluorescence) showed significant relationships, with cold load applied for heading treatments. Next steps include targeting frost intensities equivalent to cold loads between 20 and 80°C hr and testing the utility of these proposed indices in a commercial paddock setting. 相似文献